Abstract
Oxidized LDL is present in human atherosclerotic lesions, but the mechanisms responsible for oxidation in vivo have not been definitively demonstrated. Circumstantial evidence has implicated the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase as a contributor to the formation of oxidized lipids in this disease. To assess whether oxidized lipids are indeed formed by the action of 15-lipoxygenase on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in vivo, we have used a sensitive and specific method (chiral phase HPLC) to analyze the lipid oxidation products present in human atherosclerotic lesions. Human 15-lipoxygenase is an omega-6 lipoxygenase that has previously been shown to oxidize esterified PUFA in a stereospecific manner, forming predominantly cholesteryl hydroperoxy-octadecadienoate (13(S)-HPODE) from cholesteryl linoleate substrate in LDL. This property allows its activity to be distinguished from nonenzymatic oxidation, which results in the formation of equal quantities of the S and R stereoisomers of the same oxidation product. A total of 80 specimens of human atherosclerotic plaque were analyzed. Esterified, oxidized linoleate was purified from human atherosclerotic lesions and from LDL oxidized by copper, and the chirality of these oxidation products was compared. There was significantly greater stereospecificity of oxidation in the oxidized linoleate from human atherosclerotic lesions. Even greater stereospecificity was detected in the HPODE derived from cholesteryl ester, purified from human lesions. Cholesteryl HPODE is the primary oxidation product from cholesteryl linoleate, the major esterified PUFA that accumulates in atherosclerotic vessels. Cholesteryl HPODE and its reduced form, cholesteryl hydroxy-octadecadienoate, were detected in all lesions analyzed. Neither the stereospecificity of oxidation nor the percentage of available substrate oxidized to primary oxidation products was correlated with the stage of disease of the lesions examined. We conclude that 15-lipoxygenase contributes to the formation of oxidized lipids in human atherosclerotic lesions.