Abstract
This work explores the use of liquid additive manufacturing (LAM) to print heterogeneous magnetoactive layers. A general method is proposed where, by studying the printing of pure silicone lines, the successful printing of closed shapes, open shapes, and a combination thereof, can be achieved while accounting for the continuous deposition that is specific to LAM. The results of this characterization are subsequently exploited for the printing of a heterogeneous layer composed of four magnetoactive discs embedded in a pure silicone square. Such a layer, when affixed to a softer silicone substrate, yields a system that produces truly three-dimensional surface patterns upon application of a magnetic field. Hence, this work demonstrates that LAM is a promising approach for the rapid 4D printing of morphing surfaces exhibiting 3D surface patterns that can be actuated remotely and reversibly via a magnetic field. Such heterogenous layers have a wide range of applications, ranging from haptics to camouflage to differential cell growth.