Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 mediates multiple signal transductions in various cellular pathways, controlled by a variety of upstream inputs. SHP2 dysregulation is causative of different types of cancers and developmental disorders, making it a promising drug target. However, how SHP2 is modulated by its different regulators remains largely unknown. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate this question. We identify a partially open, semiactive conformation of SHP2 that is intermediate between the known open and closed states. We further demonstrate a "multiple gear" regulatory mechanism, in which different activators (e.g., insulin receptor substrate-1 and CagA), oncogenic mutations (e.g., E76A), and allosteric inhibitors (e.g., SHP099) can shift the equilibrium of the three conformational states and regulate SHP2 activity to different levels. Our work reveals the essential role of the intermediate state in fine-tuning the activity of SHP2, which may provide new opportunities for drug development for relevant cancers.