Abstract
Transmembrane carriers of the Slc11 family catalyze proton (H(+))-dependent uptake of divalent metal ions (Me(2+)) such as manganese and iron-vital elements coveted during infection. The Slc11 mechanism of high-affinity Me(2+) cell import is selective and conserved between prokaryotic (MntH) and eukaryotic (Nramp) homologs, though processes coupling the use of the proton motive force to Me(2+) uptake evolved repeatedly. Adding bacterial piracy of Nramp genes spread in distinct environmental niches suggests selective gain of function that may benefit opportunistic pathogens. To better understand Slc11 evolution, Alphafold (AF2)/Colabfold (CF) 3D predictions for bacterial sequences from sister clades of eukaryotic descent (MCb and MCg) were compared using both native and mutant templates. AF2/CF model an array of native MCb intermediates spanning the transition from outwardly open (OO) to inwardly open (IO) carriers. In silico mutagenesis targeting (i) a set of (evolutionarily coupled) sites that may define Slc11 function (putative synapomorphy) and (ii) residues from networked communities evolving during MCb transition indicates that Slc11 synapomorphy primarily instructs a Me(2+)-selective conformation switch which unlocks carrier inner gate and contributes to Me(2+) binding site occlusion and outer gate locking. Inner gate opening apparently proceeds from interaction between transmembrane helix (h) h5, h8 and h1a. MCg1 xenologs revealed marked differences in carrier shape and plasticity, owing partly to an altered intramolecular H(+) network. Yet, targeting Slc11 synapomorphy also converted MCg1 IO models to an OO state, apparently mobilizing the same residues to control gates. But MCg1 response to mutagenesis differed, with extensive divergence within this clade correlating with MCb-like modeling properties. Notably, MCg1 divergent epistasis marks the emergence of the genus Bordetella-Achromobacter. Slc11 synapomorphy localizes to the 3D areas that deviate least among MCb and MCg1 models (either IO or OO) implying that it constitutes a 3D network of residues articulating a Me(2+)-selective carrier conformation switch which is maintained in fast-evolving clades at the cost of divergent epistatic interactions impacting carrier shape and dynamics.