Abstract
This article reviews the synergistic application of positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI) in neuroscience with relevance for psychiatry, particularly examining neurotransmission, epigenetics, and dynamic imaging methodologies. We begin by discussing the complementary insights that PET and MRI modalities provide into neuroreceptor systems, with a focus on dopamine, opioids, and serotonin receptors, and their implications for understanding and treating psychiatric disorders. We further highlight recent PET-MRI studies using a radioligand that enables the quantification of epigenetic enzymes, specifically histone deacetylases, in the brain in vivo. Imaging epigenetics is used to exemplify the impact the quantification of novel molecular targets may have, including new treatment approaches for psychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss innovative designs involving functional PET using [(18)F]FDG (fPET-FDG), which provides detailed information regarding dynamic changes in glucose metabolism. Concurrent acquisitions of fPET-FDG and functional MRI provide a time-resolved approach to studying brain function, yielding simultaneous metabolic and hemodynamic information and thereby opening new avenues for psychiatric research. Collectively, the review underscores the potential of a multimodal PET-MRI approach to advance our understanding of brain structure and function in health and disease, which could improve clinical care based on objective neurobiological features and treatment response monitoring. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.