Abstract
The epigenetic status of the genome changes dynamically from fertilization to implantation. In addition, the physiological environment during the process of gametogenesis, including parental age, may affect the epigenome of the embryo after fertilization. It is important to clarify the influence of parental age on gene expression in the embryo in terms of transgenerational epigenetics to improve the techniques currently used in assisted reproductive medicine. Here, we performed single-embryo RNA-seq analysis on human blastocysts fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, including from relatively elderly mothers, to elucidate the effects of parental age on the embryonic gene expression profile. We identified a number of genes in which the expression levels were decreased with increasing maternal age. Among these genes, several are considered to be important for meiotic chromosomal segregation, such as PTTG1, AURKC, SMC1B and MEIKIN. Furthermore, the expression levels of certain genes critical for autophagy and embryonic growth, specifically GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL3, were negatively correlated with advanced paternal age. In addition, levels of transcripts derived from major satellite repeats also decreased as the maternal age increased. These results suggest that epigenetic modifications of the oocyte genome may change with parental age and be transmitted to the next generation.