Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lovastatin has widespread applications thanks to its multiple pharmacological effects. Fermentation by filamentous fungi represents the major way of lovastatin production. However, the current lovastatin productivity by fungal fermentation is limited and needs to be improved. RESULTS: In this study, the lovastatin-producing strains of Aspergillus terreus from marine environment were screened, and their lovastatin productions were further improved by genetic engineering. Five strains of A. terreus were isolated from various marine environments. Their secondary metabolites were profiled by metabolomics analysis using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), revealing that the production of secondary metabolites was variable among different strains. Remarkably, the strain of A. terreus MJ106 could principally biosynthesize the target drug lovastatin, which was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and gene expression analysis. By one-factor experiment, lactose was found to be the best carbon source for A. terreus MJ106 to produce lovastatin. To improve the lovastatin titer in A. terreus MJ106, genetic engineering was applied to this strain. Firstly, a series of strong promoters was identified by transcriptomic and green fluorescent protein reporter analysis. Then, three selected strong promoters were used to overexpress the transcription factor gene lovE encoding the major transactivator for lov gene cluster expression. The results revealed that compared to A. terreus MJ106, all lovE over-expression mutants exhibited significantly more production of lovastatin and higher gene expression. One of them, LovE-b19, showed the highest lovastatin productivity at a titer of 1512 mg/L, which represents the highest production level reported in A. terreus. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that combination of strain screen and genetic engineering represents a powerful tool for improving the productivity of fungal secondary metabolites, which could be adopted for large-scale production of lovastatin in marine-derived A. terreus.