Abstract
Interpretation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of complex material surfaces, such as those obtained after surface plasma treatment of polymers, is confined by the available references. The limited understanding of the chemical surface composition may impact the ability to determine suitable coupling chemistries used for surface decoration or assess surface-related properties like biocompatibility. In this work, XPS is used to investigate the chemical composition of various ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) surfaces. UHMWPE doped with α-tocopherol or functionalised by active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) was investigated as a model system. Subsequently, a more complex combined system obtained by ASPN treatment of α-tocopherol doped UHMWPE was investigated. Through ab initio orbital calculations and by employing Koopmans' theorem, the core-electron binding energies (CEBEs) were evaluated for a substantial number of possible chemical functionalities positioned on PE-based model structures. The calculated ΔCEBEs showed to be in reasonable agreement with experimental reference data. The calculated ΔCEBEs were used to develop a material-specific peak model suitable for the interpretation of merged high-resolution C 1 s, N 1 s and O 1 s XPS spectra of PE-based materials. In contrast to conventional peak fitting, the presented approach allowed the distinction of functionality positioning (i.e. centred or end-chain) and evaluation of the long-range effects of the chemical functionalities on the PE carbon backbone. Altogether, a more detailed interpretation of the modified UHMWPE surfaces was achieved whilst reducing the need for manual input and personal bias introduced by the spectral analyst.