Abstract
More than 260 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide each year. Although sutures and staples are widely used to reconnect tissues, they can cause further damage and increase the risk of infection. Bioadhesives have been proposed as an alternative to reconnect tissues. However, clinical adhesives that combine strong adhesion with cytocompatibility have yet to be developed. In this study, we explored the production of adhesives based on protein-engineered polymers bioinspired by the sequence of elastin (i.e., elastin-like recombinamers, ELRs). We hypothesized that the combination of polyphenols (i.e., tannic acid, TA) and ELRs would produce an adhesive coacervate (ELR+TA), as reported for other protein polymers such as silk fibroin (SF). Notably, the adhesion of ELR alone surpassed that of ELR+TA. Indeed, ELR alone achieved adhesive strengths of 88.8 ± 33.2 kPa and 17.0 ± 2.0 kPa on porcine bone and skin tissues, respectively. This surprising result led us to explore a multicomponent bioadhesive to encompass the complementary roles of elastin (mimicked here by ELR) and silk fibroin (SF), and subsequently mirror more closely the multicomponent nature of the extracellular matrix. Tensile testing showed that ELR+SF achieved an adhesive strength of 123.3 ± 60.2 kPa on porcine bone and excellent cytocompatibility. To express this in a more visual and intuitive way, a small surface of only 2.5 cm(2) was able to lift at least 2 kg of weight. This opens the door for further studies focusing on the ability of protein-engineered polymers to adhere to biological tissues without further chemical modification for applications in tissue engineering.