Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is regulated by the dynamic interaction between integrins and their ligands. Integrin α4β7 mediates both rolling and firm adhesion of lymphocytes by modulating its affinity to the ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). Although previous studies have revealed some mechanisms of α4β7-MAdCAM-1 binding, little is known about the different molecular bases of the low- and high-affinity α4β7-MAdCAM-1 interactions, which mediate rolling and firm adhesion of lymphocytes, respectively. Here, we found that two loops in immunoglobulin domains 1 and 2 (D1 and D2) of MAdCAM-1 played different roles in MAdCAM-1 binding to low-affinity (inactive) and high-affinity (activated) α4β7. The Asp-42 in the CC' loop of D1 was indispensable for MAdCAM-1 binding to both low-affinity and high-affinity α4β7. The other CC' loop residues except for Arg-39 and Ser-44 were essential for MAdCAM-1 binding to both inactive α4β7 and α4β7 activated by SDF-1α or talin, but not required for MAdCAM-1 binding to Mn2+-activated α4β7. Single amino acid substitution of the DE loop residues mildly decreased MAdCAM-1 binding to both inactive and activated α4β7. Notably, removal of the DE loop greatly impaired MAdCAM-1 binding to inactive and SDF-1α- or talin-activated α4β7, but only decreased 60% of MAdCAM-1 binding to Mn2+-activated α4β7. Moreover, DE loop residues were important for stabilizing the low-affinity α4β7-MAdCAM-1 interaction. Thus, our findings demonstrate the distinct roles of the CC' and DE loops in the recognition of MAdCAM-1 by low- and high-affinity α4β7 and suggest that the inactive α4β7 and α4β7 activated by different stimuli have distinct conformations with different structural requirements for MAdCAM-1 binding.