Abstract
PURPOSE: Lower-grade gliomas typically exhibit 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced fluorescence in only 20-30% of cases, a rate that can be increased by doubling the administered dose of 5-ALA. Fluorescence can depict anaplastic foci, which can be precisely sampled to avoid undergrading. We aimed to analyze whether a deep learning model could predict intraoperative fluorescence based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: We evaluated a cohort of 163 glioma patients categorized intraoperatively as fluorescent (n = 83) or non-fluorescent (n = 80). The preoperative MR images of gliomas lacking high-grade characteristics (e.g., necrosis or irregular ring contrast-enhancement) consisted of T1, T1-post gadolinium, and FLAIR sequences. The preprocessed MRIs were fed into an encoder-decoder convolutional neural network (U-Net), pre-trained for tumor segmentation using those three MRI sequences. We used the outputs of the bottleneck layer of the U-Net in the Variational Autoencoder (VAE) as features for classification. We identified and utilized the most effective features in a Random Forest classifier using the principal component analysis (PCA) and the partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithms. We evaluated the performance of the classifier using a tenfold cross-validation procedure. RESULTS: Our proposed approach's performance was assessed using mean balanced accuracy, mean sensitivity, and mean specificity. The optimal results were obtained by employing top-performing features selected by PCA, resulting in a mean balanced accuracy of 80% and mean sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the potential of a U-Net model, coupled with a Random Forest classifier, for pre-operative prediction of intraoperative fluorescence. We achieved high accuracy using the features extracted by the U-Net model pre-trained for brain tumor segmentation. While the model can still be improved, it has the potential for evaluating when to administer 5-ALA to gliomas lacking typical high-grade radiographic features.