Abstract
Roots of grasses in response to iron deficiency markedly increase the release of chelating substances (;phytosiderophores') which are highly effective in solubilization of sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(III) compounds by formation of Fe(III)phytosiderophores. In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the rate of iron uptake from Fe(III)phytosiderophores is 100 to 1000 times faster than the rate from synthetic Fe chelates (e.g. Fe ethylenediaminetetraacetate) or microbial Fe siderophores (e.g. ferrichrome). Reduction of Fe(III) is not involved in the preferential iron uptake from Fe(III)phytosiderophores by barley. This is indicated by experiments with varied pH, addition of bicarbonate or of a strong chelator for Fe(II) (e.g. batho-phenanthrolinedisulfonate). The results indicate the existence of a specific uptake system for Fe(III)phytosiderophores in roots of barley and all other graminaceous species. In contrast to grasses, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) take up iron from Fe(III)phytosiderophores at rates similar to those from synthetic Fe chelates. Furthermore, under Fe deficiency in cucumber, increased rates of uptake of Fe(III)phytosiderophores are based on the same mechanism as for synthetic Fe chelates, namely enhanced Fe(III) reduction and chelate splitting. Two strategies are evident from the experiments for the acquisition of iron by plants under iron deficiency. Strategy I (in most nongraminaceous species) is characterized by an inducible plasma membrane-bound reductase and enhancement of H(+) release. Strategy II (in grasses) is characterized by enhanced release of phytosiderophores and by a highly specific uptake system for Fe(III)phytosiderophores. Strategy II seems to have several ecological advantages over Strategy I such as solubilization of sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(III) compounds in the rhizosphere, and less inhibition by high pH. The principal differences in the two strategies have to be taken into account in screening methods for resistance to ;lime chlorosis'.