Abstract
The mapping and alignment of transcripts (cDNA, expressed sequence tag or amino acid sequences) onto a genomic sequence is a fundamental step for genome annotation, including gene finding and analyses of transcriptional activity, alternative splicing and nucleotide polymorphisms. As DNA sequence data of genomes and transcripts are accumulating at an unprecedented rate, steady improvement in accuracy, speed and space requirement in the computational tools for mapping/alignment is desired. We devised a multi-phase heuristic algorithm and implemented it in the development of the stand-alone computer program Spaln (space-efficient spliced alignment). Spaln is reasonably fast and space efficient; it requires <1 Gb of memory to map and align >120 000 Unigene sequences onto the unmasked whole human genome with a conventional computer, finishing the job in <6 h. With artificially introduced noise of various levels, Spaln significantly outperforms other leading alignment programs currently available with respect to the accuracy of mapped exon-intron structures. This performance is achieved without extensive learning procedures to adjust parameter values to a particular organism. According to the handiness and accuracy, Spaln may be used for studies on a wide area of genome analyses.