Abstract
This study compared the biomechanical behavior of three widely used dental materials-zirconia, lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD), and 3D-printed composite (VarseoSmile CrownPlus)- for maxillary anterior bridge restorations. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to evaluate the mechanical response of these materials under normal occlusal forces, replicating real clinical conditions. Key factors analyzed included stress distribution, deformation, and potential for failure under high loads. For each material, material constants such as Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus were used in the simulations, with the values chosen from validated literature sources. The findings demonstrated that zirconia exhibited superior mechanical strength and uniform stress distribution, making it an ideal material for posterior restorations subjected to high biomechanical stresses. Lithium disilicate showed balanced stress distribution and proved to be a versatile material suitable for both anterior and moderate-load restorations, with its superior aesthetic properties making it an attractive option for anterior areas. On the other hand, 3D-printed composite materials were found to have higher stress concentrations, particularly in occlusal regions, and exhibited lower elasticity compared to the other materials, limiting their use in permanent restorations but making them suitable for temporary restorations or areas with lower mechanical demands. This study provides valuable insights into the selection of dental materials for different clinical scenarios, emphasizing the importance of FEA in optimizing material choice and restoration design. The results suggest that while zirconia is ideal for long-term durability, lithium disilicate remains the preferred choice for aesthetic requirements, with 3D-printed composites serving as a promising alternative for long-term temporary applications.