Abstract
Accurate determination of sulfate content in phosphogypsum (PG) and cement-based materials is crucial for understanding the corrosion mechanisms of cement-based materials, developing corrosion models, establishing durability design methods, and implementing maintenance strategies. To overcome the limitations of traditional gravimetric and EDTA titration methods in accurately quantifying low-concentration SO(4)(2-) in PG and cement-based materials, an IoT-enabled conductometric titration system was developed to improve precision and automation. First, the principle of conductivity titration is introduced, in which Ba(NO(3))(2) is used as the titrant. Second, a method for eliminating the effects of H(+), Cl(-), and Ca(2+) ions is proposed. The impact of the titration rate, volume of liquid to be measured, titrant concentration, and other interfering ions on the results is discussed. Finally, the conductivity titration method was successfully applied to determine sulfate content in PG and cement-based materials. The results demonstrate that the self-developed conductivity titrator exhibits high testing accuracy, with a standard deviation of 0.013 for 15 repeated titrations, a coefficient of variation of 0.52%, and a recovery rate between 103.2% and 103.9%. The optimal solution volume to be determined was 5 mL. Ba(NO(3))(2), at approximately twice the sulfate concentration, enhances endpoint sensitivity and minimizes precipitation interference. Ag(2)O and CO(2) significantly reduce the interference from H(+), Cl(-), and Ca(2+) ions by generating weakly conductive substances, such as H(2)O, AgCl, Ag(3)PO(4), CaF(2), and CaCO(3). Conductometric titration demonstrated accurate SO(4)(2-) quantification in PG and cement-based materials, enabling standardized protocols. This approach provides both theoretical and technical support for rapid sulfate detection in complex systems, with significant implications for both industry and academia. For the industry, it offers a reliable and standardized method for sulfate detection, enhancing quality control and process efficiency. For academia, it establishes a foundation for further research in civil engineering and environmental material analysis, contributing to both practical applications and theoretical advancements.