Abstract
A promising approach to treat diabetes is the development of fully automated artificial/bionic pancreas systems that use both insulin and glucagon to maintain euglycemia. A physically and chemically stable liquid formulation of glucagon does not currently exist. Our goal is to develop a glucagon formulation that is stable as a clear and gel-free solution, free of fibrils and that has the requisite long-term shelf life for storage in the supply chain, short-term stability for at least 7 days at 37°C, and pump compatibility for use in a bihormonal pump. We report the development of two distinct families of stable liquid glucagon formulations which utilize surfactant or surfactant-like excipients (LMPC and DDM) to "immobilize" the glucagon in solution potentially through the formation of micelles and prevention of interaction between glucagon molecules. Data are presented that demonstrate long-term physical and chemical stability (~2 years) at 5°C, short-term stability (up to 1 month) under accelerated 37°C testing conditions, pump compatibility for up to 9 days, and adequate glucose responses in dogs and diabetic swine. These stable glucagon formulations show utility and promise for further development in artificial pancreas systems.