Abstract
Two systems in vitro are described that show insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor on serine residues. In the first system, insulin receptor was purified partially from Fao rat hepatoma cells by direct solubilization of the cells in Triton X-100 and chromatography on wheat-germ-agglutinin-agarose. Phosphorylation of these preparations with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence or absence of insulin resulted in 32P incorporation exclusively into phosphotyrosine residues. Serine kinase activity towards the insulin receptor was reconstituted by adding extracts of Fao cells. Prior exposure of the cells to insulin stimulated serine kinase activity towards the insulin receptor in extracts 7.2-fold. A receptor serine kinase activity enhanced by treatment of cells with cyclic AMP analogues was also retained in the reconstituted system. In the second system, insulin receptor and insulin-sensitive serine kinase activity towards the insulin receptor were co-purified from human placenta. The protocol involved preparation of membranes, before solubilization and chromatography on wheat-germ-agglutinin-agarose, by using gentle procedures designed not to disrupt a potentially labile association between the insulin receptor and the serine kinase. Serine kinase activity in these preparations towards the insulin receptor was stimulated up to 10-fold by insulin, and the stoicheiometry of serine phosphorylation was estimated to be approx 0.8 mol/mol of insulin receptor for phosphorylations performed in the presence of insulin. Thus a preparation of insulin receptor is described for the first time that is phosphorylated to high stoicheiometry on serine in an insulin-dependent manner. Conditions that facilitate recovery and assay of serine kinase activity are defined and discussed. These systems provide a basis for characterizing the nature of the insulin-sensitive serine kinase that phosphorylates the insulin receptor, and defining its role in insulin action and control of receptor function.