Abstract
This study aimed to explore a low cost and sustainable adsorbent to remove Sr(2+) and Co(2+) ions, which are major radioactive ions in nuclear wastewater. The material properties of the alkali-activated metakaoline as a function of soaking time at ambient temperature from 1 day to 7 days were examined by XRD, XRF, SEM, and solid-state NMR. Adsorption isotherms were used to evaluate the appropriate soaking time for the optimal sorption performance for both Sr(2+) and Co(2+) ions. The alkali-activated metakaolin soaked for 3 days (BK3) presented the maximum adsorption capacities of 3.81 meq/g (167.5 mg/g) and 4.02 meq/g (118.5 mg/g) for Sr(2+) and Co(2+), respectively. The sorption mechanisms for Sr(2+) and Co(2+) in the BK3 sample were investigated, and the experimental results indicated that adsorption for Sr(2+) was achieved via ion exchange. By contrast, surface complexation in combination with ion exchange contributed to the sorption mechanisms for the removal of Co(2+). Competitive adsorption experiments revealed that the alkali-activated metakaolin favored the adsorption for divalent ions (i.e., Sr(2+) and Co(2+)), and it was less effective for Cs(+). Finally, the used adsorbent could be directly mineralized and vitrified by heat treatment to immobilize the Sr(2+) and Co(2+) ions.