Abstract
In the search for more sustainable alternatives to the chemical reagents currently used in froth flotation, the present work offers further insights into the behavior of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals as mineral hydrophobization agents. The study corroborates that hexylamine cellulose nanocrystals (HACs) are an efficient collector for the flotation of quartz and also identifies some particular characteristics as a result of their colloidal nature, as opposed to the water-soluble reagents conventionally used. To investigate the individual and collective effects of the frother and HACs on the attachment of particles and air bubbles, an automated contact timer apparatus was used. This induction timer measures particle-bubble attachment probabilities (P(att)) without the influence of macroscopic factors present in typical flotation experiments. This allowed the study of the combined influence of nanocellulose and frother concentration on P(att) for the first time. While HACs readily adsorb on quartz modifying its wettability, the presence of a frother leads to a drastic reduction in P(att) up to 70%. The improved recovery of quartz in flotation cells might thus be attributed to froth stabilization by HACs, perhaps acting as a Pickering foam stabilizer. Among the main findings, a tendency of HACs to form mineral agglomerates was identified and further explained using the extended DLVO theory in combination with measured adsorption rates in a quartz crystal microbalance. Therefore, this study distinguishes for the first time the antagonistic effect of frothers on P(att) and their synergies with HACs on the stabilization of orthokinetic froths through the hydrophobization mechanism unlike those of typical water-soluble collectors.