Abstract
The asymptomatic nature of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), particularly during its early stages, in combination with its high aggressiveness and chemoresistance, significantly compromises the efficacy of current therapeutic options, contributing to a dismal prognosis. As a tumor suppressor that inhibits the cell cycle, abnormal cytoplasmic p27kip1 localization is related to chemotherapy resistance and often occurs in various cancers, including CCA. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism is unclear. SUMOylation, which is involved in regulating subcellular localization and the cell cycle, is a posttranslational modification that regulates p27kip1 activity. Here, we confirmed that UBE2I, as the only key enzyme for SUMOylation, was highly expressed and p27kip1 was downregulated in CCA tissues, which were associated with poor outcomes in CCA. Moreover, UBE2I silencing inhibited CCA cell proliferation, delayed xenograft tumor growth in vivo, and sensitized CCA cells to the chemotherapeutics, which may be due to cell cycle arrest induced by p27kip1 nuclear accumulation. According to the immunoprecipitation result, we found that UBE2I could bind p27kip1, and the binding amount of p27kip1 and SUMO-1 decreased after UBE2I silencing. Moreover, nuclear retention of p27kip1 was induced by UBE2I knockdown and SUMOylation or CRM1 inhibition, further suggesting that UBE2I could cooperate with CRM1 in the nuclear export of p27kip1. These data indicate that UBE2I-mediated SUMOylation is a novel regulatory mechanism that underlies p27kip1 export and controls CCA tumorigenesis, providing a therapeutic option for CCA treatment.