Abstract
Tissue engineering methods that aim to mimic the hierarchical structure of skeletal muscle tissue have been widely developed due to utilities in various fields of biology, including regenerative medicine, food technology, and soft robotics. Most methods have aimed to reproduce the microscopical morphology of skeletal muscles, such as the orientation of myotubes and the sarcomere structure, and there is still a need to develop a method to reproduce the macroscopical morphology. Therefore, in this study, we aim to establish a method to reproduce the macroscopic morphology of skeletal muscle by constructing an engineered muscle tissue (EMT) by culturing embryonic chicken myoblast-like cells that are unidirectionally aligned in collagen hydrogels with micro-channels (i.e., MCCG). Whole mount fluorescent imaging of the EMT showed that the myotubes were unidirectionally aligned and that they were bundled in the collagen gel matrix. The myotubes contracted in response to periodic electrostimulations with a frequency range of 0.5-2.0 Hz, but not at 5.0 Hz. Compression tests of the EMT showed that the EMT had anisotropic elasticity. In addition, by measuring the relaxation moduli of the EMTs, an anisotropy of relaxation strengths was observed. The observed anisotropies could be attributed to differences in maturation and connectivity of myotubes in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the long axis of the micro-channels of the MCCG.