Abstract
Biologic therapeutics, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), have revolutionized disease treatment paradigms; however, their clinical success is often hindered by immunogenicity. Host immune recognition of these biologics can induce anti-drug antibody (ADA) formation, leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy, altered pharmacokinetics and serious adverse events, such as infusion reactions and loss of response. Overcoming these immunogenicity challenges is essential to maximize the clinical effect of biologics and ensure patient safety. This paper offers an overview of the mechanisms underlying the formation of anti-drug antibodies and explores potential nanotechnology-based strategies to reduce or eliminate these responses. Specifically, the review examines how the immune system recognizes biologics and develops ADAs, which can impact drug efficacy and safety. The review then investigates various nanotechnology approaches aimed at mitigating ADA formation, potentially improving the therapeutic outcomes of biologic drugs.