Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease with a significant impact on quality of life. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of OA pathophysiology, emphasizing mechanical factors, angiogenesis, aging, and the role of interleukins in disease progression. It also explores key molecular pathways, particularly the NF-κB signaling cascade, and crucial catabolic mediators such as MMPs and ADAMTS, which are involved in cartilage degradation. Emerging therapeutic strategies are discussed, with a focus on the potential of polyphenols, such as pinocembrin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, in cartilage protection and regeneration. In addition, nanotechnology is examined as a promising tool to enhance the bioavailability of these bioactive compounds and support the development of innovative OA treatments. Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology, including porous silicon nanoparticles functionalized with β-cyclodextrin, have shown promise in improving therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the importance of multidisciplinary approaches integrating molecular biology, natural compounds, and advanced technologies in the treatment of OA.