Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, which is characterized by high blood glucose levels, and this can lead to serious diabetic complications. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 830 million adults worldwide are living with diabetes in 2024, with its prevalence continuing to rise steadily over the years. To treat this disease, researchers have developed a variety of first-line drugs, such as sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones. Despite their long clinical use, there are still many drawbacks and limitations. One of the main drawbacks is low bioavailability, this causes the diabetic patients to take the drugs frequently to lower the blood glucose levels continuously. Some patients may have to take multiple drugs to increase the effectiveness of lowering blood glucose levels. To address these limitations, nano-based drug delivery systems have emerged to overcome these problems. It has emerged as a promising approach for diabetes management, which offers controlled and localized release of anti-diabetic drugs, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses recent advances in the field of nano-based drug delivery systems for diabetes management, safety and toxicity profiles of anti-diabetic drugs, and future perspectives for the development of nanomedicine in diabetic treatment. Literature search was conducted using electronic databases, and only English literatures were used and published between 2014 and 2024. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have facilitated the development of various nanocarriers, such as polymeric carrier nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, nanocrystals, nanosuspension and inorganic nanoparticles, which enhance drug stability, bioavailability, and efficacy. These systems can deliver anti-diabetic drugs and natural compounds more effectively, thereby minimizing side effects and improving patient compliance. As the field continues to evolve, the successful clinical implementation of nanodrugs could revolutionize the management of diabetes and improve the quality of life for millions of diabetic patients worldwide.