Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection shows a growing burden on human health, and it has become challenging to search for treatment. Therefore, this work focused on the antifungal activity, and cytotoxic effect of biosynthesised nanostructures on human ovarian tetracarcinoma cells PA1 and their corresponding mechanism of cell death. Herein, the authors fabricated advanced biosynthesis of uncoated α-Fe(2)O(3) and coated α-Fe(2)O(3) nanostructures by using the carbohydrate of Spirulina platensis. The physicochemical features of nanostructures were characterised by UV-visible, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The antifungal activity of these nanostructures against C. albicans was studied by the broth dilution method, and examined by 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. However, their cytotoxic effects against PA1 cell lines were evaluated by MTT and comet assays. Results indicated characteristic rod-shaped nanostructures, and increasing the average size of α-Fe(2)O(3)@ZnO nanocomposite (105.2 nm × 29.1 nm) to five times as compared to α-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles (20.73nm × 5.25 nm). The surface coating of α-Fe(2)O(3) by ZnO has increased its antifungal efficiency against C. albicans. Moreover, the MTT results revealed that α-Fe(2)O(3)@ZnO nanocomposite reduces PA1 cell proliferation due to DNA fragmentation (IC(50) 18.5 μg/ml). Continual advances of green nanotechnology and promising findings of this study are in favour of using the construction of rod-shaped nanostructures for therapeutic applications.