Abstract
Goldfish (Carassius auratus), subjected to millennia of artificial selection and breeding, have diversified into numerous ornamental varieties, such as the celestial-eye (CE) goldfish, noted for its unique dorsal eye rotation. Previous studies have primarily focused on anatomical modifications in CE goldfish eyes, yet the molecular underpinnings of their distinctive eye orientation remain poorly understood. This study employed high-throughput transcriptome and proteome sequencing on 110-day-old full-sibling CE goldfish, which displayed either anterior or upward eye rotations. Verification of these findings was conducted using quantitative PCR (qPCR) for transcriptomic data and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) for proteomic analysis. Our research identified 73,685 genes and 7717 proteins, pinpointing 8 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins (DEPs) implicated in cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and optic nerve regeneration. Enrichment analyses further delineated pathways associated with apoptosis, necroptosis, and cell adhesion molecules. The results indicated a significant role for genes involved in cytoskeletal dynamics, nervous system function, and apoptotic processes in the dorsal eye rotation of CE goldfish. Analyses of abnormalities in ocular membrane structures, along with disturbances in lipid and protein synthesis metabolism and energy metabolism during developmental stages, provided compelling evidence for the potential use of CE goldfish as a model organism in studying human eye-related disorders. This investigation provided the first comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic overview of eye rotation in CE goldfish, offering insights crucial for the genetic breeding of new ornamental fish varieties.