Abstract
The microvasculature in the pancreatic islet is highly specialized for glucose sensing and insulin secretion. Although pancreatic islet transplantation is a potentially life-changing treatment for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, a lack of blood perfusion reduces viability and function of newly transplanted tissues. Functional vasculature around an implant is not only necessary for the supply of oxygen and nutrients but also required for rapid insulin release kinetics and removal of metabolic waste. Inadequate vascularization is particularly a challenge in islet encapsulation. Selectively permeable membranes increase the barrier to diffusion and often elicit a foreign body reaction including a fibrotic capsule that is not well vascularized. Therefore, approaches that aid in the rapid formation of a mature and robust vasculature in close proximity to the transplanted cells are crucial for successful islet transplantation or other cellular therapies. In this paper, we review various strategies to engineer vasculature for islet transplantation. We consider properties of materials (both synthetic and naturally derived), prevascularization, local release of proangiogenic factors, and co-transplantation of vascular cells that have all been harnessed to increase vasculature. We then discuss the various other challenges in engineering mature, long-term functional and clinically viable vasculature as well as some emerging technologies developed to address them. The benefits of physiological glucose control for patients and the healthcare system demand vigorous pursuit of solutions to cell transplant challenges. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Insulin-dependent diabetes affects more than 1.25 million people in the United States alone. Pancreatic islets secrete insulin and other endocrine hormones that control glucose to normal levels. During preparation for transplantation, the specialized islet blood vessel supply is lost. Furthermore, in the case of cell encapsulation, cells are protected within a device, further limiting delivery of nutrients and absorption of hormones. To overcome these issues, this review considers methods to rapidly vascularize sites and implants through material properties, pre-vascularization, delivery of growth factors, or co-transplantation of vessel supporting cells. Other challenges and emerging technologies are also discussed. Proper vascular growth is a significant component of successful islet transplantation, a treatment that can provide life-changing benefits to patients.