Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating brain cancer, and cures remain elusive with currently available neurosurgical, pharmacological, and radiation approaches. While retrovirus- and adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy using DNA encoding herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and prodrug ganciclovir has been suggested as a promising strategy, a nonviral approach for treatment in an orthotopic human primary brain tumor model has not previously been demonstrated. Delivery challenges include nanoparticle penetration through brain tumors, efficient cancer cell uptake, endosomal escape to the cytosol, and biodegradability. To meet these challenges, we synthesized poly(ethylene glycol)-modified poly(beta-amino ester) (PEG-PBAE) polymers to improve extracellular delivery and coencapsulated plasmid DNA with end-modified poly(beta-amino ester) (ePBAE) polymers to improve intracellular delivery as well. We created and evaluated a library of PEG-PBAE/ePBAE nanoparticles (NPs) for effective gene therapy against two independent primary human stem-like brain tumor initiating cells, a putative target to prevent GBM recurrence. The optimally engineered PEG-PBAE/ePBAE NP formulation demonstrated 54 and 82% transfection efficacies in GBM1A and BTIC375 cells respectively, in comparison to 37 and 66% for optimized PBAE NPs without PEG. The leading PEG-PBAE NP formulation also maintained sub-250 nm particle size up to 5 h, while PBAE NPs without PEG showed aggregation over time to micrometer-sized complexes. The comparative advantage demonstrated in vitro successfully translated into improved in vivo diffusion, with a higher amount of PEG-PBAE NPs penetrating to a distance of 2 mm from the injection site. A significant increase in median survival from 53.5 to 67 days by PEG-PBAE/pHSV-tk NP and systemic ganciclovir treatment compared to a control group in orthotopic murine model of human glioblastoma demonstrates the potential of PEG-PBAE-based NPs as an effective gene therapy platform for the treatment of human brain tumors.