Abstract
Necroptosis is a physiologically relevant mode of cell death with some well-described initiating events, but largely unknown executioners. Here we investigated necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) sensitive death elicited by different necroptosis stimuli in L929 mouse fibrosarcoma cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and bone marrow-derived macrophages. We found that TNFα- or zVAD-induced necroptosis occurs independently of the recently implicated executioners Bmf or PARP-2, but can involve the Bcl-2 family proteins Bid and Bak. Furthermore, this type of necroptosis is associated with mitochondrial cytochrome c release and partly sensitive to cyclosporine A inhibition, suggesting a cross talk with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Necroptosis triggered by cadmium (Cd) exposure caused fully Nec-1-sensitive and caspase-independent death in L929 cells that was associated with autocrine TNFα-mediated feed-forward signalling. In MEF Cd-exposure elicited a mixed mode of cell death that was to some extent Nec-1-sensitive but also displayed features of apoptosis. It was partly dependent on Bmf and Bax/Bak, proteins typically considered to act pro-apoptotic, but ultimately insensitive to caspase inhibition. Overall, our study indicates that inducers of "extrinsic" and "intrinsic" necroptosis can both trigger TNF-receptor signalling. Further, necroptosis may depend on mitochondrial changes engaging proteins considered critical for MOMP during apoptosis that ultimately contribute to caspase-independent necrotic cell death.