Abstract
PURPOSE: The integration of nanotechnology into biomedical imaging has significantly advanced diagnostic and theranostic capabilities. However, nanoparticle detection in imaging relies on functionalization with appropriate probes. In this work, a new approach to visualize free-label nanoparticles using MRI and MRS techniques is described, consisting of detecting by (1)H CSI specific proton signals belonging to the components naturally present in most of the nanosystems used in preclinical and clinical research. METHODS: Three different nanosystems, namely lipid-based micelles, liposomes, and perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsions, were synthesized, characterized by high resolution NMR and then visualized by (1)H CSI at 300 MHz. Subsequently the best (1)H CSI performing system was administered to murine models of cancer to evaluate the possibility of tracking the nanosystem by looking at its proton associated signal. Furthermore, an in vitro comparison between (1)H CSI and (19)F MRI was carried out. RESULTS: The study successfully demonstrates the feasibility of detecting nanoparticles using MRI/MRS without probe functionalization, employing (1)H CSI. Among the nanosystems tested, the perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsion exhibited the highest SNR. Consequently, it was evaluated in vivo, where its detection was achievable within tumors and inflamed regions via (1)H CSI, and in lymph nodes via PRESS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings present a promising avenue for nanoparticle imaging in biomedical applications, offering potential enhancements to diagnostic and theranostic procedures. This non-invasive approach has the capacity to advance imaging techniques and expand the scope of nanoparticle-based biomedical research. Further exploration is necessary to fully explore the implications and applications of this method.