Abstract
Exposure to noxious stimuli early in life can both activate and shape the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in birds and other vertebrates, with the potential for lifelong consequences. Studies assessing early HPA axis activation often rely on collection of blood samples to evaluate circulating glucocorticoid levels. However, blood sampling in small altricial young is invasive, limited by animal size, and not sufficient to provide detailed information about hormone exposure over protracted periods of time. We tested the use of feather corticosterone as an alternative method to assess HPA axis activity early in life in free-living, altricial chicks, for whom timing of growth of first feathers coincides with a period of rapid growth, development of the HPA axis, and reliance on parental care. We investigated (1) whether ecologically relevant bouts of experimental cooling prior to the onset of homeothermy-conditions known to elevate circulating corticosterone-are reflected in changes of feather corticosterone deposition in Eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) chicks, and (2) whether such changes occurred in a sex-dependent manner. We found that cooling during the first week of life resulted in elevated feather corticosterone in first-grown feathers of experimentally cooled chicks relative to controls. The timing of deposition of corticosterone in feathers in response to temperature treatments was delayed in females compared to males. Results indicate that the hormone deposition in feather tissues of altricial nestlings reflects exposure to environmental stimuli, and can thus provide a minimally invasive tool for assessing HPA activity in early life. The development of the HPA axis, or its activation in response to environmental stimuli early in life, may also occur in a sex-dependent manner in altricial birds.