Abstract
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a widely cultivated fish in tropical and subtropical regions such as the Philippines, generating substantial waste during processing, including bones that are a valuable source of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the extraction of ECM from fish bones requires an essential step of demineralization. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of tilapia bone demineralization using 0.5 N HCl at different time durations. By evaluating the residual calcium concentration, reaction kinetics, protein content, and extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity through histological analysis, composition assessment, and thermal analysis, the effectiveness of the process was determined. Results revealed that after 1 h of demineralization, the calcium and protein contents were 1.10 ± 0.12% and 88.7 ± 0.58 μg/mL, respectively. The study found that after 6 h, the calcium content was almost completely removed, but the protein content was only 51.7 ± 1.52 μg/mL compared to 109.0 ± 1.0 μg/mL in native bone tissue. Additionally, the demineralization reaction followed second-order kinetics with an R(2) value of 0.9964. Histological analysis using H&E staining revealed a gradual disappearance of the basophilic components and the emergence of lacunae, which can be attributed to decellularization and mineral content removal, respectively. As a result, organic components such as collagen remained in the bone samples. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that all demineralized bone samples retained collagen type I markers, including amide I, II, and III, amides A and B, and symmetric and antisymmetric CH(2) bands. These findings provide a route for developing an effective demineralization protocol to extract high-quality ECM from fish bones, which could have important nutraceutical and biomedical applications.