Abstract
The effects of mean normal stress on the deformation properties such as the strain-hardening, strain-induced martensite transformation, and micro-void initiation behaviors of low-carbon ultrahigh-strength TRIP-aided bainitic ferrite (TBF), bainitic ferrite/martensite (TBM), and martensite (TM) steels were investigated to evaluate the various cold formabilities. In addition, the deformation properties were related to the microstructural properties such as the matrix structure, retained austenite characteristics, and second-phase properties. Positive mean normal stress considerably promoted strain-induced martensite transformation and micro-void initiation, with an increased strain-hardening rate in an early strain range in all steels. In TM steel, the primary martensite matrix structure suppressed the micro-void initiation through high uniformity of a primary martensite matrix structure and a low strength ratio, although the strain-induced transformation was promoted, and a large amount of martensite/austenite constituent or phase was contained. A mixed matrix structure of bainitic ferrite/primary martensite in TBM steel also suppressed the micro-void initiation because of the refined microstructure and relatively stable retained austenite. Promoted micro-void initiation of TBF steel was mainly promoted by a high strength ratio.