Abstract
In hemodialysis (HD), the patient's blood is purified via circulation in an extracorporeal circuit containing a dialyzer. In the manufacturing process of polysulfone (PSu) membrane dialyzers, the membranes are hydrophilized via the addition of the hydrophilic agent polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to increase their hydraulic permeability. The elution of PVP from the membrane reduces the membrane's hydraulic permeability, and the eluted PVP could cause adverse effects in the human body. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that induce PVP elution from PSu dialyzer membranes to improve the efficiency and safety of HD. In the present study, experimental circuits connecting each of the three types of PSu membrane dialyzers that had been sterilized, using gamma irradiation, autoclaving, or in-line steam methods, were prepared. After the dialyzers were primed, saline was circulated in the circuits at a flow rate of 100 mL/min or 200 mL/min. At 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after circulation was initiated, the amount of PVP eluted from the PSu membranes in vitro was determined. In this experimental setting, longer the circulation duration, greater the amount of PVP eluted from the PSu membranes of the tested dialyzers; however, the flow rate did not influence the in vitro elution of PVP. Furthermore, the immersion of the dialyzer membranes in saline for 24 h strongly facilitated the in vitro elution of PVP. In sum, these results suggest that the duration of PSu membrane incubation in saline is a determinant of the level of PVP elution from the PSu membrane dialyzers.