Abstract
The membrane filtration process is the most widely used purification process in various industries due to its high separation efficiency, process simplicity, and low cost. Although there is a wide range of membrane products with diverse materials and pore sizes on the market, there is a technological gap between microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Here we developed highly porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with a selective skin layer with a pore size range of 20 to 80 nm by using a thermal-vapor assisted phase separation method. Porous and bi-continuous sublayers were generated from spinodal decomposition induced by cooling. The overall membrane structure and pore size changed with the dope composition, while the pore size and thickness of the selective skin layer were effectively controlled by water vapor exposure. The excellent nanoparticle removal efficiencies of the prepared PVDF membranes were confirmed, indicating their potential application in high-level purification processes to remove small trace organic or inorganic impurities from various industrial fluids.