Abstract
Monovalent cation proton antiporter-3 (Mrp) family antiporters are widely distributed and physiologically important in prokaryotes. Unlike other antiporters, they require six or seven hydrophobic gene products for full activity. Standard fluorescence-based assays of Mrp antiport in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli transformants have not yielded strong enough signals for characterization of antiport kinetics. Here, an optimized assay protocol for vesicles of antiporter-deficient E. coli EP432 transformants produced higher levels of secondary Na(+)(Li(+))/H(+) antiport than previously reported. Assays were conducted on Mrps from alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 and Bacillus subtilis and the homologous antiporter of Staphylococcus aureus (Mnh), all of which exhibited Na(+)(Li(+))/H(+) antiport. A second paralogue of S. aureus (Mnh2) did not. K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) did not support significant antiport by any of the test antiporters. All three Na(+)(Li(+))/H(+) Mrp antiporters had alkaline pH optima and apparent K(m) values for Na(+) that are among the lowest reported for bacterial Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. Using a fluorescent probe of the transmembrane electrical potential (DeltaPsi), Mrp Na(+)/H(+) antiport was shown to be DeltaPsi consuming, from which it is inferred to be electrogenic. These assays also showed that membranes from E. coli EP432 expressing Mrp antiporters generated higher DeltaPsi levels than control membranes, as did membranes from E. coli EP432 expressing plasmid-borne NhaA, the well-characterized electrogenic E. coli antiporter. Assays of respiratory chain components in membranes from Mrp and control E. coli transformants led to a hypothesis explaining how activity of secondary, DeltaPsi-consuming antiporters can elicit increased capacity for DeltaPsi generation in a bacterial host.