Abstract
OBJECTIVE: End tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)) is often used to assess ventilation and perfusion during cardiac arrest resuscitation. However, few data exist evaluating the relationship between ETCO(2) values and mortality in the context of contemporary resuscitation practices. We aimed to explore the association between ETCO(2) and mortality following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: We used the 2018-2021 ESO annual datasets to query all non-traumatic OHCA patients with attempted resuscitation. Patients with documented DNR/POLST, EMS-witnessed arrest, ROSC after bystander CPR only, or < 2 documented ETCO(2) values were excluded. The lowest and highest ETCO(2) values recorded during the total prehospital interval, in addition to the pre- and post-ROSC intervals for resuscitated patients, were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, initial rhythm, witnessed status, bystander CPR, etiology, OHCA location, sodium bicarbonate administration, number of milligrams of epinephrine administered, and response interval were used to evaluate the association between measures of ETCO(2) and mortality. RESULTS: Hospital outcome data were available for 14,122 patients, and 2,209 (15.6%) were classified as surviving to discharge. Compared to patients with maximum prehospital ETCO(2) values of 30-40 mmHg, odds of mortality were increased for patients with maximum prehospital ETCO(2) values of <20 mmHg (aOR: 3.5 [2.1, 5,9]), 20-29 mmHg (aOR: 1.5 [1.1, 2.1]), and >50 mmHg (aOR: 1.5 [1.2, 1.8]). After 20 minutes of ETCO(2) monitoring, <12% of patients had ETCO(2) values <10 mmHg. This cutpoint was 96.7% specific and 6.9% sensitive for mortality. CONCLUSION: In this dataset, both high and low ETCO(2) values were associated with increased mortality. Contemporary resuscitation practices may make low ETCO(2) values uncommon, and field termination decision algorithms should not use ETCO(2) values in isolation.