Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intravenous fluids are used commonly for almost all intensive care unit (ICU) patients, especially for patients in need of resuscitation. The selection and use of resuscitation fluids may affect the outcomes of patients; however, the optimal resuscitative fluid remains controversial. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL. Studies comparing balanced crystalloids and normal saline in ICU patients were selected. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias in studies. The primary outcome was mortality at the longest follow-up. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and new renal replacement therapy (RRT). RESULTS: A total of 35,456 patients from eight studies were included. There was no significant difference between balanced crystalloid solutions and saline in mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.92-1.01). The subgroup analysis with traumatic brain injury (TBI) showed lower mortality in patients receiving normal saline (RR:1.25; 95% CI 1.02-1.54). However, in patients with non-TBI, balanced crystalloid solutions achieved lower mortality than normal saline (RR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.90-0.99). There was no significant difference in moderate to severe AKI (RR: 0.96; 95% CI 0.90-1.01) or new RRT (RR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.84-1.04). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with normal saline, balanced crystalloids may not improve the outcomes of mortality, the incidence of AKI, and the use of RRT for critically ill patients. However, balanced crystalloids reduce the risk of death in patients with non-TBI but increase the risk of death in those with TBI. Large-scale rigorous randomized trials with better designs are needed, especially for specific patient populations.