Abstract
BACKGROUND: Respiratory care, including advanced airway management (AAM), is an important part of pediatric resuscitation. This study aimed to determine whether time to AAM is associated with outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in children. METHODS: This was a nationwide population-based observational study using the Japanese government-led registry of OHCA patients. Children (aged 1-17 years) who experienced OHCA and received AAM by emergency medical service (EMS) personnel in the prehospital setting from 2014 to 2019 were included. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between time to AAM (defined as time in minutes from emergency call to the first successful AAM) and outcomes after OHCA. The primary outcome was one-month overall survival. The secondary outcomes were prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and one-month neurologically favorable survival. RESULTS: A total of 761 patients (mean [SD] age, 12.7 [4.8] years) were included. The mean time to AAM was 18.9 min (SD, 7.9). Overall, 77 (10.1%) patients survived one month after OHCA. After adjusting for potential confounders, longer time to AAM was significantly associated with a decreased chance of one-month survival (multivariable adjusted OR per minute delay, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.89-0.97]; P = 0.001). Similar association was observed for prehospital ROSC (adjusted OR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.90-0.99]; P = 0.01) and neurologically favorable survival (adjusted OR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.72-0.95]; P = 0.006). This association between time to AAM and survival was consistent across a variety of sensitivity and subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Among pediatric OHCA patients, delayed AAM was associated with a decreased chance of survival, although the influence of resuscitation time bias might remain.