Abstract
The achievement of biocompatible platforms for multimodal therapies is one of the major challenges in the burgeoning field of nanomedicine. Here, we report on a mixed β- and γ-cyclodextrin-based branched polymeric material (βγCD-NOPD) covalently integrating a nitric oxide (NO) photodonor (NOPD) within its macromolecular scaffold, and its supramolecular ensemble with a singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) photosensitizer (PS) Zn(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and the chemodrug Lenvatinib (LVB). This polymer is highly water-soluble and generates NO under visible blue light stimuli with an efficiency of more than 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the single NOPD. The PS, which in an aqueous solution is aggregated and non-photoresponsive, can be entangled in the polymeric network as a photoresponsive monomeric species. In addition, the poorly water-soluble LVB can be co-encapsulated within the polymeric host, which increases the drug solubility by more than 30-fold compared to the free drug and more than 2-fold compared with a similar branched polymer containing only βCD units. The supramolecular nanoensemble, ca. 15 nm in diameter, retains well the photochemical properties of both the NOPD and PS, which can operate in parallel under light stimuli of different energies. Irradiation with blue and red light results in the photogeneration of NO and (1)O(2) associated with red fluorescence emission, without inducing any photodegradation of LVB. This result is not trivial and is due to the absence of significant, mutual interactions between the NOPD, the PS and LVB both in the ground and excited states, despite these components are confined in the same host. The proposed polymeric nanoplatform may represent a potential trimodal nanomedicine for biomedical research studies, since it combines the double photodynamic action of NO and (1)O(2), two species that do not suffer multidrug resistance, with the therapeutic activity of a conventional chemodrug.