Abstract
PURPOSE: Endothelial cell (EC) activation, characterized by upregulation of adhesion molecules that drive monocyte recruitment, contributes to plaque progression while also providing an opportunity for targeted therapeutic delivery. Leveraging the cell membrane cloaking strategy, we recently developed a monocyte-mimetic nanoparticle (MoNP) platform that exploits the natural inflammatory tropism of monocytes for site-specific delivery to atherosclerotic vessels. Recognizing that integrin activation is a key determinant of monocyte adhesion to ECs, this study investigates whether pre-activating integrins on MoNP enhances their binding affinity and accumulation at atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS: Mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes were pretreated with CCL2 or Mn (2) □ to activate membrane integrins. Isolated monocyte plasma membranes were cloaked onto fluorescently labeled polymeric cores to generate integrin-activated MoNPs (IA@MoNPs). The targeting capability of IA@MoNPs toward endothelial ligands, inflamed ECs, and atherosclerotic lesions was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS: IA@MoNPs exhibited markedly enhanced binding to VCAM1, the primary endothelial ligand mediating integrin-dependent monocyte adhesion, and significantly increased uptake by ECs under atheroprone conditions compared to standard MoNPs. In vivo , IA@MoNPs demonstrated enhanced accumulation in atherosclerotic arteries without increasing nonspecific binding, and blocking β1-integrins on IA@MoNPs abolished this targeting effect. Importantly, integrin activation on IA@MoNPs did not compromise circulatory stability or induce immune or organ toxicity. CONCLUSION: Integrin activation represents a simple yet effective strategy to enhance MoNP targeting to inflamed ECs and atherosclerotic lesions. This mechanism-driven approach improves targeting performance while maintaining specificity and safety, advancing the translational potential of the biomimetic nanomedicine platform for atherosclerosis.