Abstract
Retroviruses and retrotransposons package genomic RNA into virus-like particles (VLPs) in a poorly understood process. Expression of the budding yeast retrotransposon Ty3 results in the formation of cytoplasmic Ty3 VLP assembly foci comprised of Ty3 RNA and proteins, and cellular factors associated with RNA processing body (PB) components, which modulate translation and effect nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). A series of Ty3 RNA variants were tested to understand the effects of read-through translation via programmed frameshifting on RNA localization and packaging into VLPs, and to identify the roles of coding and non-coding sequences in those processes. These experiments showed that a low level of read-through translation of the downstream open reading frame (as opposed to no translation or translation without frameshifting) is important for localization of full-length Ty3 RNA to foci. Ty3 RNA variants associated with PB components via independent determinants in the native Ty3 untranslated regions (UTRs) and in GAG3-POL3 sequences flanked by UTRs adapted from non-Ty3 transcripts. However, despite localization, RNAs containing GAG3-POL3 but lacking Ty3 UTRs were not packaged efficiently. Surprisingly, sequences within Ty3 UTRs, which bind the initiator tRNA(Met) proposed to provide the dimerization interface, were not required for packaging of full-length Ty3 RNA into VLPs. In summary, our results demonstrate that Gag3 is sufficient and required for localization and packaging of RNAs containing Ty3 UTRs and support a role for POL3 sequences, translation of which is attenuated by programmed frameshifting, in both localization and packaging of the Ty3 full-length gRNA.