Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vortioxetine is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin receptor modulator used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, but recent studies have also reported anticancer effects in models of glioblastoma. Given the well-established benefits of drug repositioning, we examined the pharmacological mechanism for these anticancer actions using bioinformatics and molecular docking. METHODS: Putative molecular targets for vortioxetine were identified by searching DrugBank, GeneCards, SwissTargetPrediction, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, and SuperPred databases, while glioblastoma-related proteins were identified using GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man; , and Therapeutic Target Database . A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed from vortioxetine targets also involved in glioblastoma to identify core (hub) targets, which were then characterized by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses using database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery. Cytoscape was utilized to generate a drug-pathway-target-disease network, and molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate direct interactions between vortioxetine and core target proteins. RESULTS: A total of 234 unique vortioxetine protein targets were identified. Among 234 vortioxetine targets identified, 48 were also related to glioblastoma. Topological analysis of the PPI network revealed 5 core targets: the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, cell adhesion molecule cadherin-E, NF-κB subunit p105, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. According to GO and KEGG pathway analyses, the anticancer efficacy of vortioxetine may be mediated by effects on glucose metabolism, cell migration, phosphorylation, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and signaling via Rap1, chemical carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species, and HIF-1. Molecular docking revealed moderately strong affinities between vortioxetine and 4 core targets. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that vortioxetine may inhibit glioblastoma development through direct effects on multiple targets and further emphasizes the value of bioinformatics analyses for drug repositioning.