Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability, and enhancing neural plasticity is a central strategy in promoting functional recovery. This review examines a range of interventions that target plasticity to improve outcomes in stroke survivors. Neural plasticity is assessed using neuroimaging tools, such as fMRI, EEG, and fNIRS, as well as clinical scales, including the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Biomarkers, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GABA, and nerve growth factor (NGF), are also useful for predicting patient outcomes. These tools offer insight into recovery potential and intervention effectiveness. The interventions discussed include physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dietary support, and emerging technologies such as virtual reality, video games, and exoskeleton-assisted training. Pharmacological strategies, including Levodopa, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine (GDLM), have shown mixed results, while stem cell therapies remain under investigation. Physical therapy remains the foundational treatment, but other interventions may provide added benefit depending on patient characteristics. This review highlights the need for a personalized, multidimensional approach to stroke rehabilitation. Continued research is necessary to refine these therapies and optimize recovery through tailored treatment strategies.