Abstract
BACKGROUND: As the global population ages, the prevalence of dementia is expected to rise significantly. To alleviate the burden on health care systems and the economy, it is essential to develop effective strategies to enhance cognitive function in older adults. Previous studies have shown that combined nonpharmacological interventions can improve cognition across various domains in older individuals. However, there is no established gold standard for the exact combination and duration of these interventions, which makes it challenging to assess their overall effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: Given the diversity of nonpharmacological multimodal interventions aimed at preventing cognitive decline in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), this scoping review sought to identify and summarize the characteristics and outcomes of these interventions. METHODS: We adhered to the Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) and searched 4 electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science) systematically on July 6, 2023, and updated the search on April 17, 2024, using specific terms and keywords. RESULTS: This review included 45 studies from 18 countries with 4705 participants from 2014 to 2024 encompassing different combinations of physical training (PT), cognitive training (CT), nutrition intervention, psychosocial intervention, social activities, and electrical stimulation. There is a growing numbers of studies combining PT and CT for MCI treatment, with additional modalities often added to address various aspects of the condition. Compared to single-modal interventions and usual care, multimodal approaches demonstrated significantly better improvements in cognition domains such as attention, global cognition, executive function, memory, processing speed, and verbal fluency. Technology has been instrumental in delivering these interventions and enhancing the effects of PT and CT. Multimodal interventions also show promise in terms of acceptability and user experience, which can improve treatment adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Research is limited regarding the cost-effectiveness and optimal dosage of these interventions, making it difficult to assess the additional benefits of incorporating more modalities. Future research should examine the long-term effects of incorporating multiple modalities, using standardized MCI criteria and outcome measures.