Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: literature review. INTRODUCTION: Irreversible facial paralysis is a chronic condition characterized by an absence of mimetic muscle tone and function. This disruption of facial expressions not only has functional, but also psychological and social consequences. In facial dynamic reanimation, techniques are proposed partly recovering facial reanimation and function. To date, a vast amount of literature is available on dynamic reanimation techniques. However, no review has yet been published that delineates in detail the musculature and techniques used for dynamic reanimation in irreversible facial paralysis. OBJECTIVE: the aim of the present paper is to offer a complete overview of possible techniques. METHODS: A chapter division is made between the lower, mid-, and upper face. Each chapter is subdivided between local transposition, free muscle flaps, and for the upper face, implantable devices. RESULTS: The literature discussing reanimation of the lower face is limited. In midfacial reanimation, temporalis transposition and gracilis free flap transfer are popular. In upper facial reanimation, no consensus on muscle choice is available, and information is limited too. Suggested techniques include orbicularis oculi transpositioning, temporalis transpositioning, and platysma free muscle transfer. CONCLUSIONS: This paper discusses the current techniques for dynamic facial reanimation. Yet, studies comparing different techniques are lacking, setting ground for future research. This paper highlights the importance of a personalized approach in selecting a fitting reconstruction method.