Abstract
Rapeseed polyphenols have cardiovascular protective effects. Sinapine, one main rapeseed polyphenol, possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, no research has been published about the role of sinapine in alleviating macrophage foaming. This study aimed to reveal the macrophage foaming alleviation mechanism of sinapine by applying quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analyses. A new approach was developed to retrieve sinapine from rapeseed meals by using hot-alcohol-reflux-assisted sonication combined with anti-solvent precipitation. The sinapine yield of the new approach was significantly higher than in traditional methods. Proteomics was performed to investigate the effects of sinapine on foam cells, and it showed that sinapine can alleviate foam cell formation. Moreover, sinapine suppressed CD36 expression, enhanced the CDC42 expression, and activated the JAK2 and the STAT3 in the foam cells. These findings suggest that the action of sinapine on foam cells inhibits cholesterol uptake, activates cholesterol efflux, and converts macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2. This study confirms the abundance of sinapine in rapeseed oil by-products and elucidates the biochemical mechanisms of sinapine that alleviates macrophage foaming, which may provide new perspectives for reprocessing rapeseed oil by-products.