Abstract
By mediating interatomic interactions, water molecules play a major role in protein-protein, protein-DNA and protein-ligand interfaces, significantly affecting affinity and specificity. This notwithstanding, explicit water molecules are usually not considered in protein design software because of high computational costs. To challenge this situation, we analyzed the binding characteristics of 60,000 waters from high resolution crystal structures and used the observed parameters to implement the prediction of water molecules in the protein design and side chain-packing software MUMBO. To reduce the complexity of the problem, we incorporated water molecules through the solvation of rotamer pairs instead of relying on solvated rotamer libraries. Our validation demonstrates the potential of our algorithm by achieving recovery rates of 67% for bridging water molecules and up to 86% for fully coordinated waters. The efficacy of our algorithm is highlighted further by the prediction of 3 different proteinligand complexes. Here, 91% of water-mediated interactions between protein and ligand are correctly predicted. These results suggest that the new algorithm could prove highly beneficial for structure-based protein design, particularly for the optimization of ligand-binding pockets or protein-protein interfaces.