Abstract
The outer cell wall of the Gram-negative bacteria is a crucial barrier for antibiotics to reach their target. Here, we show that the chemical stability of the widely used antibiotic ampicillin is a major factor in the permeation across OmpF to reach the target in the periplasm. Using planar lipid bilayers we investigated the interactions and permeation of OmpF with ampicillin, its basic pH-induced primary degradation product (penicilloic acid), and the chemically more stable benzylpenicillin. We found that the solute-induced ion current fluctuation is 10 times higher with penicilloic acid than with ampicillin. Furthermore, we also found that ampicillin can easily permeate through OmpF, at an ampicillin gradient of 10 μm and a conductance of G(amp) ≅ 3.8 fS, with a flux rate of roughly 237 molecules/s of ampicillin at V(m) = 10 mV. The structurally related benzylpenicillin yields a lower conductance of G(amp) ≅ 2 fS, corresponding to a flux rate of ≈120 molecules/s. In contrast, the similar sized penicilloic acid was nearly unable to permeate through OmpF. MD calculations show that, besides their charge difference, the main differences between ampicillin and penicilloic acid are the shape of the molecules, and the strength and direction of the dipole vector. Our results show that OmpF can impose selective permeation on similar sized molecules based on their structure and their dipolar properties.