Abstract
Objective This longitudinal study aimed to clarify the changes in the medical treatment behavior of Japanese patients with chronic diseases during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and examine the factors associated with disease worsening. Methods Subjects with chronic diseases were selected from a panel survey that started at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic consists of 2,400 participants recruited via the Internet. Medical treatment behaviors (decrease in medical visit frequency, inability to take regular medications, and utilization of telephone/online medical care), psychological distress, and sociodemographic factors were evaluated at baseline (May 2020) and at the follow-up survey (February 2021). A worsening of chronic diseases was defined as those who answered "yes" to the question, "Has-the-condition-of-the-chronic-disease-worsened?". The factors related to the worsening of chronic diseases at follow-up were examined. Results A total of 514 participants (mean age 61.6±12.9 years) were analyzed. The percentage of participants who reported decreasing medical visit frequency was 34% at the baseline and 16.5% at follow-up, and those who reported a worsening of chronic diseases was 5.1% and 5.1%, respectively. A worsening of chronic diseases at follow-up was significantly associated with a younger age, a decreased frequency of medical visits, unemployment, a history of smoking, and psychological distress. Conclusions A decreased frequency of medical visits was observed among one-third of the participants with chronic disease in the early stage of the pandemic, and it reduced by half at follow-up. In the early stages of an emerging infectious disease pandemic, decreased regular hospital/clinic visits can lead to a worsening of chronic diseases. Those who had psychological distress, unemployment, and a history of smoking were vulnerable to a worsening chronic disease.